What languages are spoken in Argentina?

阿根廷人说什么语言?

2021-11-13 04:00 Morningside

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South America is a fascinating linguistic melting pot. Today, I want to take you on a whistle stop tour of Argentina. Think of the languages spoken in Argentina and no doubt Spanish springs instantly to mind. but that's just the headline. If you want to discover more about Argentina's rich linguistic tapestry, read on. How Many Languages Are Spoken in Argentina? Argentina is home to both native and imported languages. In terms of the indigenous languages spoken in Argentina, there are 15 living tongues and at least 18 that have become extinct. There are also several imported languages with sizeable speaker numbers, which I'll explore in more detail below. What Is the Official Language of Argentina? First, let's talk about Spanish. Argentina doesn't have an official language, but if it did, it would no doubt be Spanish. How many people speak Spanish in Argentina? The primary language spoken in Argentina, Spanish is used by almost the entire population of the country, either as a first language or a second tongue. Well over 40 million people speak Spanish in Argentina, out of a population of around 45 million. Whether you're in a government office in Argentina, in school or simply reading the newspaper, it will be Spanish that you hear and read around you. The Spanish spoken in Argentina has its own distinctive quirks. One of the most interesting is the pronunciation of the letters “ll” and “y”, which in many Spanish speaking countries are sounded out as “y”. In Spanish in Argentina, however, these are pronounced as “zh”. There are also some really interesting regional accents in Argentinian Spanish, with influences not only from indigenous tongues but also from Italian speaking immigrants and Portuguese speaking immigrants. While Spanish is the main language of Argentina, there are plenty of interesting indigenous languages to explore as well, so let's do that now. Argentinian Native Language Family Trees The indigenous tongues spoken in Argentina fall within several different language family groupings. Altogether, Argentina's native languages have around 1.2 million speakers. I’ll take a look at each of the language family tree branches now. If you’re after a broader look at indigenous tongues in South America, you can click the link below. Read more: Languages of South America: the Most Spoken and Indigenous South American Languages Aymaran Languages In addition to being spoken in Argentina, Aymaran languages are also spoken in Bolivia, Peru and Chile. Argentina is home to comparatively few Aymara speakers. Speaker numbers have dwindled over the years, as Spanish and Quechua have risen in prominence. While Aymara has historically been considered a Quechuan language, it is now considered part of the Aymaran language family instead. In total, Argentina is home to around 30,000 Aymara speakers. The language there is under threat, with many youngsters adopting Spanish as their native tongue instead of Aymara. Charruan Languages Argentina is home to one Charruan language: Chaná (Lanték). Charruan languages were believed to be extinct for well over 100 years. However, a speaker of Chaná was found in 2005. Given the lack of other speakers, though, the future of Chaná looks incredibly bleak. That said, much more has been done to attempt to document Chaná than is done for many other languages in the same situation. Chaná’s sole remaining speaker – Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime (Agó Acoé Inó, ‘dog without owner’ in the Chaná language) – has worked with linguist José Pedro Viegas Barros to create a book called ‘La Lengua Chaná. Patrimonio Cultural de Entre Ríos.’ The book was published by the provincial government of Entre Ríos as part of its work to support the province’s cultural heritage. Today, Blas Jaime, who learned Chaná from his ancestors, is referrerd to as Tató Oyendén – the ‘custodian of the ancestral memory.’ Argentina was also home to another Charruan language (Charrúa), but that language is now extinct. Chonan Languages Only one of Argentina's four Chonan languages survives to this day: Tehuelche, which is spoken in Patagonia. The other languages from the Chonan family that were spoken in Argentina (Teushen, Haush and Ona) are now extinct. Sadly, Tehuelche is headed the same way. Four people spoke Tehuelche back in 2000, but by 2017 there was only one speaker remaining. Tehuelche is known by several other names, including Aoniken, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena, Gününa Küne, Gününa Yajich, Inaquen and Tewelche. Mataco-Guaicuru Languages Several Mataco-Guaicuru languages are spoken in Argentina, with Chorote, Maká, Nivaclé and Wichí speakers centred around the Formosa region. Wichí speakers can also be found in Gran Chaco and Salta. Gran Chaco is also home to speakers of other Mataco-Guaicuru languages, including Mocoví, Pilagá and Toba (also known as Qom). Chorote speaker numbers are dwindling, with around 1,500 native speakers in Argentina (out of a total of 2,000 speakers). 50% of them are monolingual. Maká, meanwhile, also has around 1,500 speakers in total, the majority of whom live in Paraguay. A handful of speakers can be found in Argentina, clustered along the border between the two nations. Another language spoken along the border with Paraguay is Nivaclé, which is also known as Chulupí, Churupí, Choropí, Ashluslay, Ashluslé, Suhin, Sujín and Chunupí. The language is known for some rare linguistic traits – including a unique phoneme, /k͡l/ – and for its complex phonology and morphology. Wichí, spoken in northwestern Argentina (as well as over the border in Bolivia), is also under extreme threat. Alongside Mocoví (which has around 3,000 native speakers) and Qom (31,580 speakers), it has been declared an official provincial language in the Chaco province. However, with Wichí children being educated in Spanish, their ancestral language has a very limited future ahead, as is the case with so many of Argentina’s native tongues. Argentina’s other Mataco-Guaicuru language – Pilagá – has 4,000 native speakers remaining, located in the northeast of the country. Quechuan Languages Quechuan languages arrived in Argentina with the expansion of the Incan Empire. Today, Argentina is home to speakers of two Quechuan languages: Santiagueño Quechua and Southern Quechua. Santiagueño Quechua is spoken in the Santiago del Estero region. Speaker number estimates vary from 60,000 people to 100,000 people. It is also a Buenos Aires language, with its own dictionary and radio shows. Santiagueño Quechua is also taught in some schools, meaning the language has a much brighter future than most native Argentinian tongues. It is the third most spoken indigenous language in Argentina, after Southern Quechua and Mapuche. Speakers of Southern Quechua (also known as South Bolivian Quechua, Central Bolivian Quechua and Colla) can be found in Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán. Speakers number somewhere between 2.3 million and 2.8 million, though the majority (around two million of them) are to be found over the border in Bolivia, rather than Argentina. Tupian Languages Argentina languages spoken in the Misiones province are mainly from the Tupian family group. These include Ava Guarani, Kaiwá and Mbyá. Other Tupian languages of Argentina include Correntino Guarani (spoken in Corrientes), Eastern Bolivian Guarani (spoken in Formosa and Salta) and Tapiete (spoken in Salta). Language Isolates In addition to the languages grouped together above, Argentina is also home to several language isolates, although the majority of these are now extinct. One that is still spoken today, mainly in west central Argentina, is Mapuche. Also called Mapudungun, Mapuche is spoken in both Argentina and Chile. The language was referred to as Araucanian for many years, having been named such by Spanish colonists. However, that name has been rejected by Mapuche speakers. Around 100,000 Mapuche speakers reside in Argentina. Extinct Languages in Argentina Several indigenous languages of Argentina are sadly now extinct. These include tongues from the Arakawan, Huarpean and Lule-Vilela language families, as well as a number of languages that have never been classified due to a lack of observation, information and documentation. Examples of these include Cacán, Comechingon, Old Mupuche, Querandí and Sanavirón. Argentine Sign Language Another of Argentina's native languages is Argentine Sign Language (LSA). LSA has been signed by Argentina's deaf community since 1885. Many of the countries neighbouring Argentina have borrowed from LSA extensively when developing their own sign languages. Imported Languages in Argentina Is Argentina Spanish? It most certainly is when it comes to the country’s main language, but Spanish is far from the only imported language to have significant speaker communities in Argentina. Italian Some 1.5 million people in Argentina speak Italian as their first languages. That means it is more widely spoken than all of the country’s native languages put together. Economic distress in Italy, back in the 19th century, prompted many Italian families to depart their homeland in search of a better life in Argentina. A steady flow of migration continued until the 1920s, which is why Argentina is now home to so many Italian speakers. Interestingly, Italian is so widely spoken in some regions of Argentina, that it has influenced the Spanish spoken there, creating regional Spanish accents that sound Italian. Arabic Migration has also led to Arabic being a key language of Argentina. Argentina is home to around one million Levantine Arabic speakers, Most of whom are descended from immigrants arriving from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine between the end of the 19th century and around 1920. German Argentina is home to around half a million German speakers. German is one of the languages spoken in Buenos Aires, with speakers clustered within the city, as well as in the province of Entre Ríos. German speakers can also be found in Misiones, the Chaco and the Pampas, though most Argentinians of German descent have come to speak Spanish as their first language. In Latin America, only Brazil has more German speakers than Argentina. Yiddish Argentina has a larger Jewish population than any other country in Latin America, despite a mass immigration in the 2000s that saw over 10,000 Argentine Jews settle in Israel. Today, there are around 200,000 Yiddish speakers in Argentina, with the language spoken in Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario. Catalan Derived from Vulgar Latin, Catalan is a Western Romance language that is spoken in various parts of Spain, France and Italy, as well as in Argentina. Currently, there are around 174,000 Catalan speakers in Argentina. Portuñol A pidgin drawn from Portuguese and Spanish, which has been around since the 1960s, Portuñol is spoken mainly along Argentina’s border with Brazil. English Estimates vary when it comes to the number of people who speak English in Argentina. The language is taught there at elementary level, but this basic level of learning does not equate to fluency. As with so many of Argentina’s imported languages, fluency varies significantly across the country, with populations in larger cities more likely to speak English than those in more rural areas. In terms of overall English proficiency, Argentina compares well to its Latin American neighbours. The country ranked 25th globally in the EF 2020 English Proficiency Index. It was rated as having ‘high proficiency’ – the only country in South and Central America to achieve this rating (though Costa Rica, Chile, Paraguay, Cuba and Bolivia all ranked as having ‘moderate proficiency’). Is Lunfardo a Language in Buenos Aires? No discussion of language in Argentina would be complete without a quick word about Lunfardo. Lunfardo developed as an argot – a secret language used by criminals that blended Italian, Spanish and slang words. Its purpose was to allow prison inmates to converse without being understood by the guards. However, the use of Lunfardo spread far beyond the prison walls, in large part thanks to its use in tango lyrics. Lunfardo words and phrases seeped into the Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires and Rosario, as well as into Montevideo in Uruguay. Today, Lunfardo has come to refer to a wide range of slang and jargon spoken in Buenos Aires and these other cities. So Lunfardo isn’t really a language or a dialect in its own right, though arguments for and against its classification as such have been put forward over the years. You can read more about the differences between languages and dialects by clicking the link below. Read more: What Is the Difference Between a Language and a Dialect? Wrap Up For many native languages, the future looks bleak in Argentina. Dwindling speaker numbers due to the education of children in Spanish and a general lack of support for the country’s linguistic heritage mean that most of Argentina’s native tongues are almost certainly headed for extinction. A sad situation that we’re witnessing around the world as imported languages stamp out so many countries’ linguistic heritage.
南美洲是一个迷人的语言大熔炉。今天,我要带大家来一次阿根廷的哨站之旅。想想阿根廷人所说的语言,毫无疑问,西班牙语马上就会浮现在脑海中。但那只是标题。如果你想了解更多关于阿根廷丰富的语言织锦,请继续阅读。 阿根廷说多少种语言? 阿根廷是本地语言和外来语言的故乡。就阿根廷所说的土著语言而言,有15种活着的语言,至少有18种已经灭绝。还有几种导入的语言有相当数量的说话人,我将在下面更详细地探讨这些语言。 阿根廷的官方语言是什么? 先说说西班牙语。阿根廷没有官方语言,但如果有的话,毫无疑问是西班牙语。 阿根廷有多少人说西班牙语?西班牙语是阿根廷的主要语言,几乎全国人民都使用西班牙语,既可以作为第一语言,也可以作为第二语言。在阿根廷大约4500万人口中,有超过4000万人说西班牙语。 无论你是在阿根廷的政府办公室,在学校或者只是阅读报纸,你听到和读到的都是西班牙语。 阿根廷人说的西班牙语有其独特的怪癖。其中最有趣的是字母“ll”和“y”的发音,这两个字母在许多西班牙语国家听起来都是“y”。然而,在阿根廷的西班牙语中,这些发音为“zh”。 在阿根廷西班牙语中也有一些非常有趣的地方口音,这些口音不仅受到土著语言的影响,也受到意大利语移民和葡萄牙语移民的影响。 虽然西班牙语是阿根廷的主要语言,但也有很多有趣的土著语言可以探索,所以让我们现在就开始探索吧。 阿根廷土著语言家谱 阿根廷的土著语言属于几个不同的语系。阿根廷的土著语言共有120万人使用。 现在我将看一看每一个语系树分支。如果你想更广泛地了解南美洲的土著语言,你可以点击下面的链接。 阅读更多:南美洲的语言:南美洲最常用的土著语言 艾马拉语 阿依马拉语除了在阿根廷使用外,在玻利维亚,秘鲁和智利也使用阿依马拉语。阿根廷说艾马拉语的人相对较少。随着西班牙语和盖丘亚语的声望上升,说西班牙语的人数逐年减少。 虽然艾马拉语在历史上被认为是一种克川语,但现在却被认为是艾马拉语系的一部分。总共,阿根廷大约有30,000名讲艾马拉语的人。那里的语言正受到威胁,许多年轻人把西班牙语作为他们的母语,而不是艾马拉语。 查鲁语 阿根廷有一种查鲁语:查纳语(兰特克语)。查鲁语被认为已经灭绝了100多年。然而,2005年发现了一位说Chaná语的人。然而,由于缺乏其他发言人,Chaná的未来看起来令人难以置信地黯淡。 也就是说,在相同的情况下,与许多其他语言相比,为记录Chaná所做的工作要多得多。哈纳语仅存的发言人Blas Wilfredo Omar Jaime(Agóacoéinó)与语言学家JoséPedro Viegas Barros合作创作了一本名为《La Lengua Chaná》的书。《恩特雷里奥斯文化遗产》一书由恩特雷里奥斯省政府出版,作为其支持该省文化遗产工作的一部分。 布拉斯·海梅从祖先那里学到了Chaná,如今被称为Tatóoyendén,也就是“祖传记忆的保管人”。( 阿根廷也是另一种查鲁语(Charrúa)的故乡,但这种语言现在已经灭绝。 乔南语 阿根廷四种乔南语中只有一种幸存至今:巴塔哥尼亚人说的特胡尔切语。在阿根廷使用的乔南语系的其他语言(特申语,豪什语和奥纳语)现已灭绝。 可悲的是,特许尔切正朝着同样的方向前进。2000年时有4个人说特许尔切语,但到了2017年,只剩下一个人说特许尔切语。特韦尔切还有其他几个名字,包括Aoniken,Gunua-Kena,Gununa-Kena,GününaKüne,GününaYajich,Inaquen和Tewelche。 马塔科-瓜伊库鲁语 阿根廷人讲几种马塔科-瓜伊库鲁语,而福尔摩沙地区则主要讲Chorote,Maká,Nivaclé和Wichí. 在Gran Chaco和Salta也可以找到说Wicíi语的人。大查科也是说其他马塔科-瓜伊库鲁语的人的家园,包括莫科维奇语,皮拉加语和托巴语(也称为库姆语)。 说Chorote语的人数正在减少,阿根廷的母语为Chorote语的人数约为1500人(总共有2000人说Chorote语)。其中50%是单语者。 与此同时,Maká也有大约1,500名讲者,其中大多数生活在巴拉圭。在阿根廷,可以找到少数几个说话的人,他们聚集在两国边境。 与巴拉圭接壤的另一种语言是Nivaclé语,也被称为Chulupi,Churupi,Choropi,Ashluslay,Ashluslé,Suhin,Sujín和Chunupi。这种语言以一些罕见的语言特征而闻名--包括独特的音素/KL/,以及其复杂的音系和形态。 在阿根廷西北部(以及边境的玻利维亚)使用的威奇语也受到了极大的威胁。与莫科维语(约有3,000名母语者)和库姆语(31,580名母语者)一样,它已被宣布为查科省的官方语言。然而,由于威奇儿童以西班牙语接受教育,他们的祖传语言前途渺茫,就像许多阿根廷本土语言一样。 阿根廷的另一种马塔科-瓜伊库鲁语--皮拉加语--目前仍有4000名母语者,位于该国东北部。 克川语 克川语是随着印加帝国的扩张而传入阿根廷的。今天,阿根廷有两种克丘亚语的使用者:圣地亚哥克丘亚语和南方克丘亚语。 圣地亚哥-德尔埃斯特罗地区讲圣地亚哥盖丘亚语。演讲者人数估计从6万人到10万人不等。它也是布宜诺斯艾利斯的一种语言,有自己的字典和广播节目。一些学校还教授桑提格诺盖丘亚语,这意味着这种语言比大多数阿根廷本土语言有更光明的未来。它是阿根廷第三大土著语言,仅次于南部的克丘亚语和马普切语。 在胡胡伊,萨尔塔和图库曼可以找到讲南克丘亚语(又称南玻利维亚克丘亚语,中玻利维亚克丘亚语和科拉语)的人。说英语的人大约在230万到280万之间,尽管大多数(大约200万)来自玻利维亚,而不是阿根廷。 图片语 米西奥内斯省使用的阿根廷语主要来自图片族。其中包括Ava Guarani,Kaiwá和Mbyá。阿根廷的其他图片语包括科伦蒂诺瓜拉尼语(科伦特斯语),东玻利维亚瓜拉尼语(福尔摩沙语和萨尔塔语)和塔皮埃特语(萨尔塔语)。 语言分离物 除了上述几种语言,阿根廷也有几种孤立的语言,尽管这些语言中的大多数现在已经灭绝了。至今仍在使用的一种语言是马普切人,主要分布在阿根廷中西部地区。 马普切语也叫马普敦贡语,阿根廷和智利都说马普切语。这种语言多年来被称为阿劳卡语,西班牙殖民者曾将其命名为阿劳卡语。然而,这个名字已经被马普切人拒绝了。在阿根廷,大约有100,000名说马普切语的人。 阿根廷绝迹的语言 阿根廷的几种土著语言现在不幸地灭绝了。这些语言包括阿拉卡万语系,华尔培语系和卢勒-维莱拉语系的语言,以及一些由于缺乏观察,资料和文献而从未被分类的语言。这方面的例子包括卡坎,Comechingon,Old Mupuche,Querandín和Sanavirón。 阿根廷手语 阿根廷的另一种本土语言是阿根廷手语(LSA)。LSA自1885年开始由阿根廷聋人社区签署。阿根廷的许多邻国在发展自己的手语时广泛借鉴了LSA。 阿根廷的外来语言 阿根廷是西班牙的吗?当涉及到阿根廷的主要语言时,这是最肯定的,但西班牙语远不是唯一一种在阿根廷拥有大量使用群体的外来语言。 意大利语 阿根廷约有150万人以意大利语为第一语言。这意味着它的使用范围比该国所有本土语言的总和还要广。19世纪意大利的经济困境促使许多意大利家庭离开家园,到阿根廷寻找更好的生活。稳定的移民潮一直持续到20世纪20年代,这就是为什么阿根廷现在是这么多讲意大利语的人的家园。 有趣的是,意大利语在阿根廷的一些地区被广泛使用,以至于它影响了当地的西班牙语,产生了听起来像意大利语的区域性西班牙语口音。 阿拉伯语 移徙也使阿拉伯语成为阿根廷的一种主要语言。阿根廷有大约一百万说黎凡特语的人,其中大部分是19世纪末到1920年左右从黎巴嫩,叙利亚和巴勒斯坦移民的后裔。 德语 阿根廷大约有50万人说德语。德语是布宜诺斯艾利斯使用的语言之一,在布宜诺斯艾利斯市内和恩特雷里奥斯省,德语使用者较多。在米西奥内斯,查科和潘帕斯也可以找到讲德语的人,尽管大多数德裔阿根廷人已经把西班牙语作为他们的第一语言。在拉丁美洲,只有巴西说德语的人比阿根廷多。 意第绪语 阿根廷的犹太人人口比拉丁美洲任何其他国家都多,尽管2000年代大规模移民,超过1万名阿根廷犹太人在以色列定居。今天,阿根廷约有20万人讲意第绪语,布宜诺斯艾利斯,科尔多瓦和罗萨里奥都讲意第绪语。 加泰罗尼亚语 加泰罗尼亚语源自粗俗的拉丁语,是一种西方的罗曼语,在西班牙,法国,意大利以及阿根廷各地都有使用。目前,阿根廷约有174,000名讲加泰罗尼亚语的人。 波尔图尼奥尔 波图尼奥尔语是一种洋泾浜语,源于葡萄牙语和西班牙语,自20世纪60年代开始流行,主要在阿根廷与巴西的边境地区使用。 英文 在阿根廷说英语的人数方面,估计各不相同。那里的语言是初级水平的,但这种基础水平的学习并不等于流利。 正如阿根廷许多外来语言一样,该国各地的英语流利程度差异很大,大城市的人口比农村地区的人口更容易说英语。 就整体英语水平而言,阿根廷与其拉美邻国相比较要好得多。中国在英孚2020年英语水平指数中排名全球第25位。该国被评为“高熟练度”--南美洲和中美洲唯一达到这一评级的国家(尽管哥斯达黎加,智利,巴拉圭,古巴和玻利维亚都被评为“中等熟练度”)。 伦法多语是布宜诺斯艾利斯的一种语言吗? 关于阿根廷语言的讨论,如果没有一个简短的关于伦法多的词汇,那将是不完整的。Lunfardo发展成为一种隐语--罪犯使用的一种混合了意大利语,西班牙语和俚语的秘密语言。其目的是让囚犯在不被看守理解的情况下交谈。 然而,Lunfardo的使用远远超出了监狱的围墙,这在很大程度上要归功于它在探戈歌词中的使用。隆法多词和短语渗入布宜诺斯艾利斯和罗萨里奥的西班牙语,以及乌拉圭的蒙得维的亚。今天,Lunfardo已经用来指布宜诺斯艾利斯和其他这些城市所说的广泛的俚语和行话。 因此伦法多语本身并不是一种真正的语言或方言,尽管多年来支持和反对伦法多语分类的论据层出不穷。您可以通过点击下面的链接来阅读更多关于语言和方言之间差异的信息。 阅读更多:语言和方言的区别是什么? 结束 对于许多本土语言来说,阿根廷的未来看起来是黯淡的。由于儿童的西班牙语教育和国家语言遗产普遍缺乏支持,说西班牙语的人数不断减少,这意味着阿根廷的大多数本土语言几乎可以肯定地走向灭绝。这是我们在世界各地目睹的一个可悲的情况,因为外来语言摧毁了许多国家的语言遗产。

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