The Translation and Localization Industry in India: Survey Results Released

印度翻译和本地化行业:调查结果发布

2020-10-05 21:50 slator

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The Slator 2020 Indian Language Service Provider (LSP) survey was conducted by Slator in collaboration with India’s language industry association, CITLoB (Confederation of Interpreting, Translation and Localisation Businesses). The survey was conducted between August 6, 2020 and September 3, 2020, eliciting 52 responses in total, and focused on business context, translation and localization customers, and market drivers. Key findings were compiled by Slator. Commentary on key findings was provided by the following language industry professionals based in India: The majority of survey respondents are from small LSPs, with revenues of less than USD 1m. Most have fewer than 10 employees. Some 20–25% are slightly larger with a headcount of 10–50 employees and are forecasting revenues of USD 1–8m in 2020. Sandeep Nulkar, President of Indian language industry association, CITLoB, shared his thoughts on the typical size of LSPs in India: “USD 1m converted into INR is a significant amount of money,” he said. “I would imagine that there will not be more than a few purely Indian and purely translation- and allied-service-centric LSPs doing that kind of revenue.” Many LSPs are based in Pune, Delhi, and Bangalore. Delhi is the top location for the clients of LSPs, 69% of which have clients based there. The top two business challenges for Indian LSPs right now are sales / growth and the availability of suitable linguistic resources. A little more than half are seeing a decline in rates, while most believe that the dominant pricing model for written translation services will be hybrid by 2022. CITLoB’s Nulkar offered some advice for LSPs looking to increase sales and business growth: “Prospecting and building sales funnels is an art, and one needs to hire professional sales people to do that. Most [small to mid-size] LSPs cannot afford it. If they form the majority of our respondents, then clearly they would say that sales and growth is a challenge; but then I would imagine that is from an inability-to-sell point of view rather than any fundamental issue with demand. My advice is just that. Leave selling to the experts. If you happen to be one and also run an LSP, fine. If not, accept it and hire the best you can within your budget. India has a huge workforce and a lot of hungry salespeople. You will find the right person if you are hungry enough.” Looking beyond 2020, many LSPs have a very positive outlook for 2021. Most report little or no negative impact from Covid-19, while around a fifth said the negative impact from Covid-19 had been significant. Regarding most LSPs not seeing an impact on business as a result of Covid-19, Nulkar commented that “all major players I know have been severely affected [by Covid].” He added that some LSPs may be “in denial” about the impact on their revenues. He offered another explanation: some LSPs may derive their business from “very few sources,” which were lucky enough not to be affected that much. Several survey questions focused on the use of and attitudes toward machine translation (MT) and language technology. MT integration is relatively not advanced among the LSPs represented in the survey. More than 20% have not started the process of integrating MT into their production workflow, and only a handful have fully-implemented and scalable MT capabilities. Most are early- to mid-integration, while nearly 20% have almost completed the journey. MT topped the list as the greatest external threat to Indian LSPs and the biggest industry megatrend. Compared to the responses in Slator’s survey of 50 globally-located LSPs, published in May 2020, those in Slator’s Indian LSP survey show less advanced implementation of MT: the number of respondents in the global LSP survey who said MT was fully implemented and scalable in their production workflow was 2.5 times that of the Indian LSP survey. The area of AI / automation / technology closely follows MT as the second greatest external threat to LSPs. Meanwhile, popular megatrends for Indian LSPs include improvements in translation productivity products (CAT), advancements in language technology other than MT, and improvement in translation management products (TMS). When it comes to translation productivity tools (CAT and TMS), more than three-quarters of Indian LSPs use third-party software. Notably, the majority only use third-party translation tools (with no proprietary technology). The LSPs said they used 18 different third-party tools overall. By far the most popular third-party tool is SDL Trados, used by nearly 40% of LSPs. The next most popular tools cited by respondents included memoQ and Memsource, followed by Rian (a translation software provider based in India), Smartcat, and Wordfast. Discussing the level of MT integration within Indian LSPs, CITLoB’s Nulkar said, “Again, it is a money issue. If your revenue is not significant enough, then your idea of MT is Google. Investing in MT is costly and especially in INR (Indian rupee) because generic engines won’t work. You would need language pair- and domain-specific ones so that would be a lot of money if an LSP offers even a few language pairs.” He added: “Whether [or not] it is a matter of time would depend on how MT companies are able to think ‘wholesale prices’ specific to India. India is a price sensitive market — even fancy cars sell at a fraction of their EU prices. Unless MT vendors are able to [offer] India pricing, they can forget about achieving scale. But if they do, I am sure they will make most of their money here.” Nulkar characterized the general attitude of Indian LSPs toward MT as being one of suspicion: “In their head it is equal to Google Translate and, therefore, equal to more work, although Google Translate is getting better even with some Indian languages. It was the same attitude when CAT tools arrived on the scene. CAT Tools [meant] ‘I will now not get paid for everything.’ It’s not a growth mindset.” When it comes to the widespread use of third-party translation technology among Indian LSPs, Nulkar, who is Founder, Chairman, and Managing Director of LSP BITS in addition to his role at CITLoB, said it was a question of cost, revenue, and prioritization. He cited his own company as an example: BITS built its own client relationship management (CRM) system and then used it for 10 years before deciding to switch to a third-party CRM. Nulkar said this was “because we wanted our IT team to build the Vernac platform (and earn us money), not service a CRM (and save us money); and because we were not rich enough as a company to do both.” (Vernac is a crowdsourced translation and localization solution.) He added, “For someone with even lesser revenue building their own tools, CRM or any other, it probably does not even cross their mind.” On the whole, interpreting is not big business for LSPs in India: nearly 90% derive less than 10% or none of their revenues from interpreting. Other than the core services of translation and localization, LSPs also offer a range of non-core services, such as subtitling, voiceover / dubbing, language training / teaching, and transcription, which emerged as the most popular ancillary services. The top ancillary services for LSPs broadly overlap with those that LSPs identify as offering the biggest growth opportunities: subtitling, AI-related services, voiceover / dubbing, MT-related services, and language training. The LSPs represented in the survey are mainly multi-sector, working across an average of 5.3 end-customer verticals. The top customer segments for LSPs are Technology, which is serviced by nearly 80% of all LSPs; Professional Services, which includes sectors such as edutech, e-learning, market research, and legal; and Engineering & Manufacturing. Sudeip Kummar, Founder at White Globe Pvt Ltd, said that “the Indian market is not as evolved and mature compared to Asia, Europe, and the Americas.” This means that, “currently, customers give more importance to language skills compared to industry specialization and all LSP’s work across multiple sectors,” he added, predicting that “specialization would happen as the market matures.” Kummar also explained the importance of India’s technology and IT sector to the economy, saying that “the IT Sector in India is renowned for its capabilities, has a multinational presence, [and makes] a large contribution to the national economy.” On the role of language services within the technology sector, he said, “Most of these organizations need language support for their MNC customers across the globe; from sales support to delivery and post-sales. The headquarters are located in India and there is easier access for Indian LSPs. Most of the LSPs in India have a significant [revenue] share from this segment.” Madhu Sundaramurthy, Managing Director – APAC for Summa Linguae Technologies, agreed with this assessment. He said, “India is a hub for IT companies like Infosys, Accenture, Wipro, and Cognizant. These companies provide IT software and services to customers across the globe and translation is a part of [it]. This is why most LSPs in India work with IT and technology companies.” Commenting on the multi-sector nature of most LSPs, Sundaramurthy said, “It is imperative that LSPs are ready to work in all domains, [because] technology companies work with different clients from different domains. Very few LSPs specialize in one domain like medical or pharma.” A reflection of the diversity of serviced verticals, LSPs were divided on which segment represents the biggest opportunity for their business; although Life Sciences, Professional Services, Technology, and Media & Gaming emerged as the marginal frontrunners. More than 50% of LSPs work across the Media, Finance, and Life Sciences segments; but less than 20% currently work in Gaming. Only a third of LSPs said they subcontract from larger LSPs, indicating that most work directly with end-customers or other types of middlemen. Sundaramurthy and Kummar both observed that subcontracting from larger LSPs is not very common in India. According to Sundaramurthy, “In India, very few LSPs subcontract to smaller LSPs,” but there are some LSPs that “only work with other LSPs in India and outside.” Kummar confirmed that most LSPs work directly with clients. “However, there are specific segments where LSPs also work with partners like marketing agencies, etc.” He said some LSPs subcontract from larger LSPs, but this is not particularly prevalent. LSP’s mainly work with customers based across India and internationally. A fourth work with customers throughout India but not international customers, while relatively few primarily work with customers local to the region where they are based. The biggest international market for Indian LSPs is Asia and then Europe, both of which are serviced by the majority of LSPs represented in the survey; 35% of LSPs work with customers based in North America. White Globe’s Kummar said that the proportion of LSPs working for customers in North America is low “primarily because of the lack of presence in international markets for most of the Indian LSPs.” However, he believes that, “as the market matures in India and consolidation happens, a few of the leading players will definitely have a global presence.” This will allow LSPs to increase the percentage of revenues and absolute amount they derive from these regions, Kummar said. Sundaramurthy also commented on these findings, saying that Indian LSPs’ relative lack of a customer base in North America is “connected with the IT and technology companies.” He explained: “Many international companies like Microsoft, Google, Adobe have offices in India and outsource work to Indian companies. So it may seem that we are working with only Asian clients but it is the APAC office of international clients.” Like Kumamar, Sundaramurthy also believes that market consolidation will lead to LSPs working with more North American customers directly. He said, “Direct projects with clients in the US are bound to increase with all the mergers and acquisitions between Indian and international LSPs.” More than two-thirds of LSPs pegged Hindi as the most important target language based on volumes requested. Out of India’s 22 official languages, 14 were not selected by any LSP as representing the biggest demand. More than half the LSPs said there was significant growth in demand for Indian languages from both domestic and international customers. Another third said there was a slight increase from Indian customers, while 29% said there was a slight increase from international customers. The biggest demand driver for LSPs is their clients’ desire to reach more end-customers or expand the business. As the second most populous country in the world after China, India is an attractive market for commerce and trade and, by localizing content into more Indian languages, companies can hope to reach a bigger audience and additional customers across the country. Sunil Kulkarni, CEO of Fidel Softech Pvt Ltd, explained some of the factors driving LSPs’ end-customer interest in India’s economy: “Within the huge population, there are multiple India’s with different economic criteria. So for companies, too, it becomes a sizable market for expansion with different price points and different products or services.” According to Kulkarni, India also serves as a testing ground and an export hub for other comparable markets: “The same market is also useful for companies to sample or try out new product development and then launch it in similar emerging markets” (e.g., Asean, Africa, or the Middle East). Kulkarni cited the Nissan plant in Chennai, where hardly 10% is manufactured for the Indian market, with the rest being exported to the Middle Eastern and African markets. “Hence India is not [only] being seen for its population, but also from a product development / R&D / logistics / labor perspective as well.” LSPs also identify content creation and streaming platforms as important factors in driving demand from international customers, more so than from domestic customers. The same is true of the government’s “Make in India” initiative, which is designed to attract foreign capital and encourage international companies to do business in India. On a sector basis, LSPs believe e-learning to be the most important driver of demand for their services. More than 90% of respondents rated e-learning a four or five (out of five) in terms of importance for their business. E-commerce is the second most important sector-driver of demand. On the lower end of the scale are the drivers of domestic fintech and regulatory changes, which were rated four or five by 60% of respondents. The sector drivers of big tech firms, domestic tech firms, OTT / streaming, and smartphone use emerged somewhere in the middle. Several questions focused on the experiences of LSPs within specific sectors, and LSPs were asked to identify emerging trends in the sectors of e-commerce, OTT, and e-learning. E-commerce: Many LSPs said that demand for e-commerce localization is increasing. LSPs also identify the following trends: Fidel Tech’s Kulkarni said that e-commerce is indeed one of the biggest growth areas for LSPs: “With the proliferation of smartphones and the cheapening of Internet data packages, rural and semi-urban area consumers also demand or expect equal services from their urban counterparts.” Given Indian’s multilingualism, delivering e-commerce for India means more than a hefty translation demand. It also requires companies to put in place a localized e-commerce experience. Kulkarni explained: “E-commerce for such a diverse set of consumers means localizing of UI in local languages as well as usage of voice technologies for search, SEO-ing for a range of words as well as allowing searches in local languages on the website. This also means that the logistics and last-mile applications are also localized — as the local delivery boy needs to identify the customer and the correct address.” OTT: While more than half of LSPs service customers in the Media segment, just over a quarter of LSPs currently work with streaming services or OTT providers; 14% said Media is the top growth segment for their business. Kulkarni said that some OTT platforms outsource content creation services to third-party companies, meaning that LSPs may receive work destined for OTT platforms via a middleman. He said, “OTT streaming customers are offloading some parts of content creation (e.g., voiceover, subtitling, mobile app creation, or hosting infrastructure) to some media firms. In some cases, media companies are leasing their studios to OTT players and, hence, some contracts are seen through direct OTT players and some through media firms. The media customers include advertising agencies, voice studio firms, video and mobile technology firms.” Subtitling, dubbing, and voiceover are all important non-core services for LSPs, but their application is not strictly limited to OTT or streaming and Media customers. E-learning, the biggest sectoral demand driver for localization in India, also calls for audio-visual localization services. E-learning: Most LSPs said that demand for e-learning localization is increasing. LSPs also made several specific observations, crediting growth to a variety of factors, such as Covid-19, online language learning, professional training, and higher education. Other trends identified in e-learning include its increasing prevalence in remote parts of India, the demand for more vernacular languages, and bite-sized learning. According to Kulkarni, a specific niche of e-learning, edutech, is surging in India. “Edutech is seeing a huge growth, especially in these pandemic times.” Explaining the opportunity for LSPs, he said edutech “involves content development [and the] convergence of voice and video technologies as well. LSPs can forge partnerships or develop in-house capabilities in any or few of these areas to capture the market.” Kulkarni believes that there is a long-term opportunity for LSPs in this niche, resulting from ongoing development requirements as the amount of content and the size of the market increase. Edutech is not only concerned with childhood education; it also includes adult education and training. For example, Kulkarni said, “under the JanDhan scheme, the Indian government [enabled] marginalized people in society to open bank accounts. But then they needed to be taught about bank transfer or ATM usage and so on. Here, local language UI-based educational content for digital payments, fintech, or insurance were sought and huge opportunities were created.” Respondents are located throughout India, with the popular locations being Pune (18), Delhi (10), Bangalore (8), Chennai (5), and Mumbai (4). Two survey respondents said their businesses are located outside India, in Europe. The vast majority of respondents hold a Master’s degree or equivalent as their highest academic qualification (77%), while some hold an undergraduate degree or equivalent (17%). Some 44% of respondents hold at least one academic qualification related to translation, interpreting or languages, while 56% have no language-related academic qualifications. Respondents represent LSPs of various sizes. Around 60% work in an LSP with less than 10 employees; 21% work in an LSP with 10–50 employees; 12% with 50–200 employees; and 8% with more than 200 employees. Of the 33 respondents who answered the question relating to company revenues, most work for a Boutique LSP, with annual revenues of USD 8m or less. More than 60% expect to generate less than USD 1m in 2020 — a similar proportion to those who said they work in LSPs with less than 10 employees — and another quarter expect 2020 revenues of USD 1–8m. Respondents’ estimates on the size of their LSP’s addressable market varied greatly, although the majority of respondents placed their addressable market size at less than USD 100m (82%). More than half of all respondents said that unit rates were declining, while 38% said they were stable. Only 10% said they are seeing an increase in unit rates. More than half of all respondents expect the dominant pricing model for written translation services to be “Hybrid” by 2022, while more than a third believe the “Per word” model will remain dominant. Respondents identified accelerating progress in machine translation (MT) as the most important megatrend in the global language industry in 2020/1 (42%). The next most important megatrends were identified as improving translation productivity products (15%) and accelerating progress in language technologies other than MT (12%). Interpretation is not a big business for survey respondents; nearly 90% said they do not do any interpreting or generate less than 10% of their business from interpretation. Respondents were positive overall in terms of their outlook for the language industry for 2021. Nearly 90% felt very or somewhat positively about the future. A further 13% were neutral, but none were somewhat or very negative. Most respondents reported no or minimal impact from Covid-19. More than 80% said the impact had been slight (in either direction) or nonexistent; 19% reported a significant negative impact, while no respondents reported a very positive impact. Most respondents said their gross margin target for 2020 is 10–39% (61%). Slator grouped respondents’ answers to this free-text question into categories to capture the nature of the threats identified. The most significant type of external threat for respondents was machine translation (MT), closely followed by a related category, that of AI / automation / technology. Within the category of “Competitive landscape,” which emerged as the third biggest type of threat identified, respondents cited concerns such as undercutting of prices by competitors and new market entrants, the role of big tech in the language industry, and independent middlemen. Price pressure and the availability of suitable resources were also identified as threats, although by significantly fewer respondents than the top three threats. There were also a number of “other” threats identified by respondents that only received one mention (not displayed above). These included Covid-19, the increasing prevalence of English as a global language, and politically-motivated trade restrictions. A handful of respondents did not identify any external threats, while some provided multiple responses. Respondents were invited to list their current top three business challenges. Slator then grouped respondents’ answers to this free-text question into categories to capture the nature of the challenges identified. The biggest challenge for respondents was related to sales and business growth, closely followed by the availability of suitable linguistic resources. Price pressure, MT, and the challenge of educating or managing clients emerged as the third, fourth, and fifth biggest business challenges, respectively. Outside of these five categories, respondents also said that people / talent management (17%), the competitive landscape (15%), and technology (12%) currently represented challenges to their business. Covid-19, deadlines, marketing, and remote working were each mentioned as challenges by 6% of respondents. Nearly 60% of respondents exclusively use third-party TMS and CAT tools, while 17% use a mix of proprietary and third-party tools. A small percentage (7%) said that they only use proprietary language tools, while a further 17% said they use no TMS or CAT tools or did not provide a response. Respondents were invited to specify which translation tools they use. By far, the most popular third-party tool for respondents is SDL Trados, used by 38% of all respondents. Other SDL products were used by 6% of respondents. The next most popular tools include memoQ (12%) and Memsource (10%). Rian, an India-based translation software, Smartcat, and Wordfast are used by 8%, 6%, and 6% of respondents, respectively. Meanwhile, 6% said they use non-translation specific tools (e.g., Odoo, ExaVault). Relatively few respondents (5.8%) have completed the process of fully integrating machine translation (MT) into their production workflow. A greater number, more than 20%, have not started MT integration. A similar number (19.2%) have mostly completed the process of implementation (7/10 – 9/10), while 38% are mid-implementation (4/10 – 6/10). A further 15% are in the early stages of implementation (2/10 – 3/10). Over time, one would expect the bar chart to trend to the right as companies currently reporting lower levels of integration progress toward higher levels of MT integration. Respondents provide a combined total of 42 ancillary services to their customers (other than translation, localization, and interpreting), and an average of 2.2 each. The top three ancillary services for respondents to provide are subtitling, voiceover, and language training or teaching, in that order. Transcription, dubbing, software engineering, formatting / DTP, and content writing are also relatively popular services among respondents, while other services listed are provided by fewer respondents. The services mentioned by a single respondent are not listed in the chart above. These are (listed alphabetically) as follows: Audio recording, CAD-CAM services, CAT tool services, Chatbots, Content development, Corpus alignment, Corpus building, Creative writing, Data annotation, Data creation (AI), Data entry, Digital e-publishing, Legal services, Linguistic services, Managed Services, Mixing, MTPE, Multilingual data services, Multilingual staffing, NLP, Post-production services, Research analysis, Reverse proxy solution, Reviewing, and Translation training. Important to note in particular is that MTPE may well be offered by more than one respondent’s LSP, but others may consider it core rather than ancillary to translation services. The same is true of a number of other services, such as CAT tool services, editing, and proofreading. Respondents service 5.3 end-customer verticals on average. The most popular end-customer vertical among respondents is Technology (79%), followed closely by Professional Services (73%), with Engineering & Manufacturing customers a more distant third. More than half the respondents work for customers across Life Sciences, Finance, and Media. The least common verticals for respondents are Aerospace & Defense (13%), followed by Gaming (19%). The picture is mixed as to which end-customer vertical represents the biggest growth opportunity for respondents’ businesses, with none emerging as a convincing frontrunner. Life Sciences, Professional Services, and Technology received the most responses, with 18%, 16%, and 16%, respectively. Gaming and Media were both identified as the biggest growth opportunity by more than 10% of respondents. Most remaining end-customer segments received relatively few responses, while no respondents identified Aerospace & Defense as the biggest growth opportunity for their business. Within the broader umbrella of Professional Services, a number of respondents specifically identified e-learning and / or education as important growth segments. Most respondents said their customers are based across India and internationally (62%). A fourth (25%) of respondents have customers located nationwide (but not internationally), while a smaller percentage primarily serve customers based locally in the region where they are located. The top 10 Indian locations for respondents’ customers are Delhi, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chandigarh, Maharashtra, Haryana, Goa, Assam, and Bihar. Nearly 70% of respondents have customers located in Delhi and a little over half have customers located in Karnataka. Beyond these locations, respondents’ customers were dispersed fairly evenly across the country. More than 70% of respondents do business elsewhere in Asia, while more than half operate in Europe. A little more than a third of respondents have business operations in North America; 13% said they do not operate internationally in any of these three continents. Of the 45 people who responded to this question, two-thirds said they do not subcontract work from other LSPs, while a third said they do. Nearly 60% of respondents said that Hindi is the most highly requested target language, while a far smaller percentage identified Marathi (17%), Tamil (13%), or Kannada (3.9%) as the target language that represents the biggest volumes for their business. One respondent per language said that Assamese, Bengali, Malayalam, and Telugu provided the biggest volumes, while the remaining 14 official languages of India were not selected by any respondent. More than 50% of respondents said that there is significant growth in demand from both international and domestic customers for Indian languages in 2020. A similar percentage said there is slight growth for Indian languages from international customers as from domestic customers (29% vs. 33%); 13% of respondents said they are observing flat (no) growth for Indian languages from international customers, while 19% said demand was flat from domestic customers. Opinions were divided among respondents as to whether regulatory changes constitute a driver of demand for translation, localization, and interpreting in India; 44% of respondents are unsure, while 42% said changing regulation is a demand driver. Respondents said that the biggest demand driver for Indian languages from both domestic and international clients is their desire to reach more end-customers or expand their business. Respondents also identified specific end-customer segments or content types (such as Life Sciences, Edutech, Marketing, and Media) as an important driver of demand from domestic and international customers. Responses reveal that content creation or platforms (e.g., streaming platforms) is a bigger factor in driving demand from international customers than domestic customers. This is also the case for the government’s “Make in India” initiative, which is designed to encourage international companies to do business in India. In total, respondents identified 27 ancillary services as growing in demand. The top five growth services among respondents are subtitling, AI-related services, voiceover / dubbing, MT-related services, and language training. When asked what customer trends they observe in e-commerce localization, many respondents (37%) answered that demand was increasing. Others identified specific trends in e-commerce; for example, one respondent noted that e-commerce companies in India have begun bringing localization activities in-house. Two respondents observed that there was demand for more languages, while three said that there was a trend toward using more machine translation (either MTPE / PEMT or MT) for e-commerce localization. Respondents were asked whether they work for any OTT (over-the-top) providers such as overseas streaming services, Netflix and Amazon, or local streaming services including Hotstar and Viu. Most respondents said they do not currently work with this type of customer (73%), while just over a quarter said they do (27%). When asked what customer trends they observe in e-learning, most (65%) responded or implied through their answers that demand was increasing in this segment. Some qualified their responses. For example — Other trends observed in e-learning included more vernacular languages and bite-sized learning. Respondents were asked to rate, out of 5, the importance for their business of specific demand drivers, 1 being “not at all important” and 5 being “very important.” The most important driver for respondents is e-learning, which more than 92% of people rated 4 or 5. The next most important driver is e-commerce, which received 84% 4s and 5s. On the lower end of the scale were Domestic fintech and Regulatory changes, which were rated 4 or 5 on the scale by 60% of respondents. Note: Survey participants did not necessarily respond to all questions.
Slator 2020印度语言服务供应商 (LSP) 调查是由Slator与印度语言行业协会CITLoB(口译,翻译和本地化企业联合会)合作进行的。 该调查于2020年8月6号至2020年9月3号期间进行,共得到52份回复,重点关注了业务背景,翻译与本地化客户以及市场驱动要素等因素。 Slator将主要调查结果进行汇编。下列驻印度的语言行业专业人员对主要调查结果发表了评论: 大多数受访的公司都是收入不到100万美元的小型LSP。其中多数公司只有不到10名员工。只有20-25%的公司规模稍大,员工人数为10-50人,预计2020年的收入能达到100-800万美元。 印度语言行业协会主席Sandeep Nulkar分享了他对印度LSP主流规模的看法:“100万美元换算成印度卢比是一笔很大的钱,”他说。“我能想到,没有几家纯靠印度语,翻译和联盟服务为业务核心的LSP能获得这样的收入。” 许多LSP将总部设在浦纳,德里和班加罗尔。其中德里拥有69%的LSP客户,是LSP客户所在地最多的地方。 目前印度LSP两大行业挑战分别是销售额/增长量和配套语言资源的可用性。超过一半的人认为翻译费率将有所下降,而多数人则认为,到2022年,书面翻译服务的主导定价模式将变为混合定价。 CITLoB的Nulkar为寻求销售额和业务量增长的LSP提供了一些建议:“寻找和建立销售渠道是一门技术,因此要雇佣专业的销售人员来完成,而大多数(小中型)LSP负担不起这些。如果他们占据了受访者的多数,显然他们就会说销售额和增长量是一个挑战;但我认为这是从无力销售的角度出发的,而不是从需求的根本问题出发的。我的建议就是。把销售工作留给专业人士。如果你碰巧是一个,也经营着一个LSP,那么非常好。但是如果不是,那就请接受它,在你的预算范围内尽量雇一个最专业的人。印度拥有庞大的劳动力和大量待业的销售人员。如果你求贤若渴的话,你会找到合适的人的。” 展望2020年以后,许多LSP对2021年的行业前景持积极态度。绝大多数LSP在调查报告里表示,Covid-19的负面影响很小或没有,而另有五分之一则表示,Covid-19存在较大负面影响。 对于多数LSP忽略了的Covid-19对业务的影响,Nulkar评论道,“我认识的所有主要参与者都受到了(Covid-19)的严重影响。”他补充道,一些LSP可能“否认”了Covid-19对其收入的影响。他给出了另一种解释:一些LSP的业务可能“来源较单一”,而这些业务来源十分幸运的避免了较大影响。 部分调查问题还聚焦于机器翻译(MT)和语言技术的使用及态度上。 受访的LSP代表中,MT整合相较落后。超过20%的LSP还未将MT集成到他们的生产工作流程中,只有屈指可数的LSP已经全面应用了可扩展的MT功能。大多数LSP还处于早期到中期融合阶段,只有20%左右的LSP差不多已经完成了这一过程。MT是印度LSP面临的最大外部威胁,也是最大的行业变换趋势。 与2020年5月公布的Slator对全球50家LSPs的调查结果相比,此次对印度的调查结果显示出较低的MT应用程度:而在全球LSP调查中,已经在其生产工作流程中全面应用了可拓展的MT工具的企业数是印度LSP调查的2.5倍。 AI/自动化/技术等领域紧随MT,成为印度LSPs的第二大外部威胁。这也意味着,印度LSPs的主要发展趋势还包括翻译生产力产品(CAT)的改进,语言技术(除MT外)的进步,以及翻译管理产品(TMS)的改良。 就翻译生产力工具(CAT和TMS)来说,有超过四分之三的印度LSPs使用的是第三方软件。值得注意的是,绝大部分LSP都只使用第三方翻译工具(而没有专有技术)。 印度LSPs表示,他们共使用了18种不同的第三方工具。截至目前,最流行的第三方工具是SDL Trados,有近40%的LSP使用者。比较流行的其他工具还包括memoQ和Memsource,其次就是Rian(一家印度的翻译软件提供商),Smartcat和Wordfast。 CITLoB的Nulkar在讨论印度LSP内部MT整合水平时表示:“说到底,这也是一个资金问题。如果你的营收额不够多,那么你心属的MT就会是谷歌。MT投资耗资不菲,尤其是换算成INR(印度卢比)时。由于通用引擎无法工作,你将需要特定语言对和特定领域的语言对,因此,一个LSP即使只提供几个语言对,也将需要一大笔钱。“ 他还补充说:“这是否是一个时间问题,要看MT公司能否考虑到印度市场特有的‘批发价格’问题。印度是一个对价格敏感的市场——即便是高档车,其印度售价也只是欧盟的一小部分。除非MT供应商能够单独给印度定价,否则他们就会忘记追求规模效益。但如果真的这样做了,我相信他们会在这赚的盆满钵满。” Nulkar将印度LSPs对MT的整体态度概括为一种怀疑:“在他们的印象里,MT就等于谷歌翻译,也就等于更多的工作量,即使谷歌翻译在处理一些印度语言时效果更好。当谈及CAT工具时,他们也秉持着同样的态度。CAT工具就意味着‘我将不会从每个流程都获得报酬’。这不是一种发展的心态。” 关于第三方翻译技术在印度LSP中的盛行,LSP BITS的创始人,董事长兼常务董事,CITLoB成员Nulkar表示,这是一个成本,收入和优先级的问题。他以自己的公司为例:BITS起初建立了自己的客户关系管理(CRM)系统,使用了10年后才决定转向第三方CRM。 Nulkar说,这是“因为我们希望用自己的IT团队建立Vernac平台(并以此盈利),而不是为CRM提供服务(并节省资金);也因为我们并不是一个能兼顾二者的大公司。”(Vernac是一个提供众包翻译服务和本地化解决方案的平台。)他补充道,“对于那些营收额更低,无法自己开发工具,CRM或其他系统的LSP来说,他们可能根本想不到这一步。” 总体上看,口译并不是印度LSPs的生意大头:近90%的LSPs的口译服务收入占比不到10%,或者为0。 除开翻译和本地化这一核心服务,印度LSPs还提供一系列的非主流服务,如字幕,画外音/配音,语言培训/教学和语音转录等,这些服务也成为最受欢迎的辅助服务。 LSPs排名靠前的辅助服务与其认为提供最大增长机会的服务大致重叠,分别为:字幕,人工智能相关服务,画外音/配音,MT相关服务和语言培训等。 受访LSPs大都是跨行业的,平均在5.3个垂直终端客户群体中工作。其最大的客户细分领域是技术行业,专业服务,以及工程和制造领域。几乎有80%的受访LSPs都提供技术服务;而专业服务则涵盖教育技术,网络学习,市场研究和法律等行业。 White Globe Pvt Ltd.创始人Sudeip Kummar说,“与亚洲和欧美不同,印度市场的发展并不成熟。”这意味着,“目前,客户更看的是重语言技能,而不是行业专业化和LSPs跨行业的所有工作,”他预测,“随着市场的逐渐成熟,专业化也将随之到来。” Kummar还阐明了印度科技和IT部门对经济发展的重要意义,他说,“印度的IT部门以其能力而闻名,拥有跨国企业,并对国民经济做出了巨大贡献。” 谈及语言服务在科技行业中的作用时,他说:“多数科技公司都需要为其全球的跨国公司客户提供语言服务支持;从销售支持到交付和售后服务。印度的LSPs更容易接触到那些将总部设在印度的公司。因此,印度的大部分LSPs都从这一领域获得了大量的(收入)份额。” Summa Linguae Technologies亚太区总经理Madhu Sundaramurthy对这一言论表示赞同。他说:“印度是印孚瑟斯,埃森哲,威普罗和高知特等IT公司的业务中心。这些公司向全球客户提供IT软件和相关服务,而翻译就是这其中的一部分。这也说明为什么大部分印度LSPs都与IT和科技公司有合作。“ Sundaramurthy在评价多数LSPs的跨行业特性时说道:“LSPs必须准备好在所有领域开展工作,因为科技公司会与来自不同领域的不同客户展开合作。很少能有LSPs专攻像医疗或制药这样的单一领域。“ 这反映了垂直服务的多样性,LSPs被划分为哪个行业代表了其业务的最大机遇;尽管已有生命科学,专业服务,技术,媒体等行业;但游戏业却成为了边缘领先者。 调查表明,目前有50%多的LSPs在媒体,金融和生命科学等领域工作;但只有不到20%的LSPs在从事游戏行业。 调查结果中,仅有三分之一的LSPs表示,他们会从更大规模的LSPs手中分包。这也表明大多数LSPs会直接同终端客户或其他类型的中间商合作。 Sundaramurthy和Kummar同时注意到,大型LSPs层层分包的情况在印度并不普遍。据Sundaramurthy说,“很少有大型的LSPs将业务分包给较小的LSPs,”但也存在一些LSPs“只和印度内外的其他LSPs合作。” Kummar证实,多数LSPs会直接与客户合作。“然而,在某些特定领域,LSPs也会与营销机构等伙伴合作。”他说,部分LSPs会从大型的LSPs那里分包业务,但这种情况并不是特别普遍。 LSPs主要与印度及国际客户合作。第四家公司主要与印度各地的客户合作,但不涉及国际客户,而只有相对较少的公司主要与所在地区的当地客户合作。 印度LSPs最大的国际市场是亚洲,其次是欧洲,受访的多数LSPs都为这两个市场提供服务;还有35%的LSPs与北美客户合作。 White Globe的Kummar说,为北美客户服务的LSPs占比较低,“主要是因为大部分印度LSPs在国际市场上缺乏存在感。” 然而,他相信,“随着市场成熟和行业整合,个别领先的公司绝对会在全球市场占有一席之地。”Kummar说,这将让LSPs从这些地区获得更高的收入占比和绝对金额。 Sundaramurthy也评价了这项调查结果,他说,印度LSPs在北美客户群较少与“IT和科技公司有关”,他解释道:“许多国际公司如微软,谷歌,Adobe等在印度都设有办事处,并将工作外包给印度公司。因此,看起来我们只与亚洲客户合作,但却是和国际客户的亚太区办事处合作。“ 与Kumamar相同,Sundaramurthy也认为市场整合将促使LSPs直接与更多的北美客户合作。他说:“随着印度和国际LSPs之间所有兼并活动的开展,直接与美国客户接触从项目肯定会增加。” 调查结果显示,基于需求的数量,有超过三分之二的LSPs将印地语作为最主要的目标语言。在印度的22种官方语言中,有14种语言未被任何一家LSP选为需求最大的语言。 有超过一半的LSPs表示,国内外客户对印度语言的需求呈显著增长。另有三分之一的LSPs表示来自本土的客户略有增加,29%的LSPs则表示来自国际客户稍有增多。 LSPs最大的需求驱动因素是其客户希望接触更多终端客户或者扩大自己的业务。作为世界第二人口大国,印度是一个极具吸引力的商业和贸易市场,同时,通过将内容本地化为更多的印度语言,企业也希望可以在国内接触到更多的受众和客户。 Fidel Softech Pvt Ltd.首席执行官Sunil Kulkarni解释了一些吸引LSPs终端客户对印度经济感兴趣的因素:“在巨大的人口基数下,印度拥有不同的消费层次。因此对公司而言,这将是一个规模庞大的市场,可以通过不同的价格点,产品或服务进行扩张。“ Kulkarni表示,印度也是其他相似市场的试验基地和出口枢纽:“相似市场对公司也大有用处,它们可以借此试验或研发新产品,再在类似的新兴市场推出”(例如,东盟,非洲,或中东等)。 Kulkarni以尼桑在金奈的工厂为例,他说,该工厂的产量被印度市场吸纳的不到10%,其余的产品均出口到中东和非洲。“因此,大家看待印度不仅会从人口基数的角度,还会从产品开发/研发/物流/劳动力等角度。” LSPs还认为,内容创作和流媒体平台并不是而不是刺激国内客户需求的因素,反而是驱动国际客户需求的重要因素,。印度政府的提出的“印度制造”倡议,也是旨在吸引外国资本,鼓励跨国公司在印度开展业务。 就行业而言,专攻地方市场的LSPs认为网络学习是对其服务需求的关键驱动因素。有超过90%的受访企业对网络学习的重要性给出了4到5分(满分5分)的评价。另外,电子商务的重要性紧随其后。 在数值区间的低端,显示的是国内推动金融科技和监管改革的因素,有60%的受访公司将其评为4到5分。国际科技巨头,国内科技公司,OTT/流媒体和智能手机使用等行业驱动因素也出现在其中。 一些问题侧重于地方服务提供者在具体部门的经验,要求地方服务提供者查明电子商务,OTT和电子学习部门的新趋势。 电子商务:很多LSPs认为,电子商务本地化的需求正在与日俱增,并呈现以下趋势: Fidel Tech的库尔卡尼表示,电子商务确实是LSPs的增长极之一:“伴随智能手机普及化与网络数据套餐廉价化,农村和郊区的消费者也期望有和城市相同的服务。” 由于印度的多语言环境,其电商服务也意味着更多的翻译需求。同时要公司具备电子商务本地化的经验。Kulkarni讲道:“面对多样化的消费者群体,电子商务需要通过本地化将用户界面变为当地语言,使用语音技术进行搜索,对大量词汇进行搜索优化,并允许在网站上使用当地语言进行搜索。这也说明物流和最后一英里的应用程序也是需要本地化的——因为当地快递员也需要识别客户名称和有效地址。” 互联网电视(OTT):即使过半的LSPs服务客户在耕耘媒体领域,但仅有四分之一的LSPs目前在与流媒体服务或互联网电视服务提供商合作;其中有14%的LSPs表示,媒体业务是他们最大增长极。 Kulkarni表示,一些OTT平台会将内容创作服务外包给第三方公司,也就是说LSPs可能会通过中间人承接到来自OTT平台的业务。他补充道,“OTT流媒体平台正在将部分创作内容(例如,画外音,字幕,移动应用程序创作或托管基础设施)承包给一些媒体公司。一些情况下,媒体公司把他们的工作室出租给OTT从业者,因此,有些合同是直接与OTT从业者签订的,而有些则是通过媒体公司签订的。其中就包括广告公司,语音工作室,视频和移动技术公司等。” 字幕,配音和画外音等服务都是LSPs的重要非核心业务,但这些业务的应用并不局限于OTT或流媒体客户。网络学习是印度本地化最大的行业需求驱动因素,也迫切需要视听本地化服务。 网络学习:多数LSPs表示,网络学习的本地化需求正在增加。通过一系列观察,LSPs认为其增长包含多重因素,如Covid-19,在线语言学习,专业培训和高等教育。其他网络学习的趋势还包括其在印度偏远地区的日益普及,更多本地语言的学习需求,还有小班级学习模式。 Kulkarni认为,“教育技术作为网络学习的一个特殊领域,正在飞速发展,尤其是在此次疫情期间。”LSPs在谈到机会时说道,教育技术“融合了内容开发以及语音和视频技术”。LSPs可以在这其中任一领域,发展伙伴关系或提高内部能力,逐渐占领市场份额。” Kulkarni认为,伴随内容数量和市场规模的增加,LSPs在这一利基领域拥有长期发展的机会。 教育技术不仅涉及儿童教育,还涵盖了成人教育和培训内容。例如,Kulkarni说,“在JanDhan计划下,印度政府为了让社会边缘人群能够开设银行账户。就需要让他们学习银行转帐或自动取款机的使用方法等等。这些都为数字支付,金融技术或保险寻求本地语言UI的教育内容,创造出巨大的机会。” 受访企业遍布印度各地区,其中大部分来自浦那(18家),德里(10家),班加罗尔(8家),金奈(5家)和孟买(4家)。还有两家受访企业表示,他们的总部位于欧洲。 绝大多数受访者最高学历或同等学历为硕士学位(77%),也有部分受访者为本科学位(17%)。 约有44%的受访者拥有至少一种与笔译,口译或语言相关的学历,而56%的受访者并没有与语言有关的学历。 受访者来自不同规模的LSP。其中约60%受访者在员工数量少于十人的LSP工作;有21%在员工规模10-50人的LSP工作;另外,还有12%所在公司规模为50-200人,8%规模超过200人。 33名受访者在回答与公司营收相关问题时表示,他们所在企业大都是年营业额在800万美元或以下专业LSPs。还有超过60%受访者预计公司2020年的年营业额会低于100万美元——这一比例与在10人规模以下的LSPs比例相当——另有四分之一的受访者预计公司2020年的年营业额将达到100-800万美元。 受访者对其LSP潜在市场规模的预期各不相同,尽管大多数(占82%)都认为潜在市场规模低于1亿美元。 过半的受访者认为单位费率正在下降,而38%的受访者表示保持稳定。只有10%的受访者表示单位费率在上涨。 过半的受访者表示,到2022年,书面翻译服务的主导定价将变为“混合型”定价模式,而超过三分之一的受访者则表示,“逐字”定价的模式仍将占据主导地位。 有42%的受访者认为MT的迅速发展是2020和2021年度全球语言产业最大的发展趋势。其次则是提高翻译生产率产品(15%)和加快MT以外语言技术的进步(12%)。 总体上看,口译并不是印度LSPs的生意大头:近90%的LSPs的口译服务收入占比不到10%,或者为0。 总体上来说,受访者对2021年语言产业发展持积极态度。有近90%的人对前景感到非常或有些积极,还有13%的人持中立态度,但并没有受访者持某种程度或非常消极的态度。 受访者大都表示,COVID-19不存在或存在较小影响。超过80%的则表示(对任何方面)影响较小或根本不存在;19%的受访者则报告说产生了很大的负面影响,但没有受访者认为产生了非常积极的影响。多数LSP(占61%)都表示,2020年的毛利率目标是10-39%。 Slator将受访者对自由问题的回答分组,以收集到识别威胁的特点。对LSPs来说,最重要的外部威胁类型是MT,紧随其后的是一个类似的威胁,即人工智能/自动化/科学技术。 在第三大威胁种类“竞争格局”中,受访者提及相关竞争者和新的市场进入者压低价格,大型科技公司在语言行业中的作用以及独立中介等问题。 低价竞争和资源可得性也被视作威胁,尽管受访者提到的频率比前三大威胁少得多。 受访者还提出了一些“其他”威胁,但仅被提及一次(未在上面表面)。其中包括Covid-19,英语的全球性普及,以及出于政治动机的贸易限制。极少数受访者表示没有发现任何外部威胁,而一部分受访者还提供了多种答案。 Slator将受访者对自由问题的回答分组,以收集到识别威胁的特点。对LSPs来说,最重要的外部威胁类型是MT,紧随其后的是一个类似的威胁,即人工智能/自动化/科学技术。 低价竞争,MT,教育或管理客户的挑战分别成为第三、四五大商业挑战。 除此之外,受访者还认为,人员/人才管理(17%),行业竞争(15%)和科学技术(12%)目前对他们的业务构成了挑战。还有6%的受访者表示,Covid-19,业务截止日期,市场营销和远程工作都是面临的挑战。 有近60%的受访者使用第三方TMS和CAT工具,17%的受访者混合使用专用工具和第三方工具。极少部分(7%)表示只使用专用语言工具,还有另外17%的受访者不使用TMS或CAT工具,或者未提供回复。 当问到使用的具体翻译工具时。目前为止,最受欢迎的第三方工具是SDL Trados,有38%的受访者使用。还有6%的受访者使用其他SDL产品。除此之外,比较流行的技术工具包括memoQ(占比12%)和Memsource(占比10%),印度本土翻译软件Rian,Smartcat和Wordfast的使用率分别为8%,6%和6%。同时,也有6%的受访者使用非翻译专用工具(例如,Odoo,ExaVault)。 极少数受访者(5.8%)已将MT完全融入其生产工作流程。但大部分(超过20%)还没有开始做MT整合。同样,大多(占比19.2%)已完成执行过程(进度为7/10-9/10),而38%处于执行中期(进度为4/10-6/10)。另有15%处于执行的早期阶段(进度为2/10-3/10)。 随着时间发展,目前报告中较低集成水平的LSPs向较高的MT集成水平过渡时时,柱状图趋势有望向右偏移。 受访者共为客户提供42项辅助服务(笔译,本地化和口译除外),平均每项服务包含2.2项。 排名前三的辅助服务依次为字幕,画外音,语言培训或教学。而转录服务,配音,软件工程,格式化/DTP和内容编写也是受访者中流行的服务,此外的其他服务则由较少的受访者提供。 只有一个受访者提到的服务没有在上面的图表中列出。这些服务(按字母顺序排列)有:录音,CAD-CAM服务,CAT工具服务,聊天机器人,内容开发,语料库对齐,语料库创建,创意写作,数据标注,数据创建,数据录入,数字电子出版,法律服务,语言服务,管理服务,混合,MTPE,多语言数据服务,多语言人员配置,NLP,后期制作服务,研究分析,反向代理解决方案,审查和翻译培训。 尤其注意的是,MTPE很可能由不止由一个LSP提供,但其他受访者可能认为它是翻译服务的核心而不是辅助服务。许多其他服务也是如此,例如CAT工具服务,编辑和校对。 受访者平均服务5.3个终端垂直客户。其中最受欢迎的垂直终端客户是技术(占比79%),随后是专业服务(占比73%),而工程和制造业客户排在第三位。 过半的受访者为生命科学,金融和媒体领域的客户提供服务。受访者最不常见的垂直行业是游戏(占19%),其次则是航空航天和国防(占比13%)。 至于哪一个垂直终端客户代表了受访者LSPs最大的增长机会,并没有一个绝对的领先者。生命科学,专业服务和技术得到的回答最多,分别为18%,16%和16%。 有超过10%的受访者认为游戏和媒体发展机会最多。大多数剩余的终端客户行业得到的答复相对较少,而没有受访者认为航空航天和防务是其业务的增长极。 在广泛的专业服务范围内,部分受访者明确指出网络学习和教育是业务的增长点。 大多数受访者表示,他们的客户遍布印度各地和国际(占比62%)。四分之一(占比25%)的受访客户位于全国(非国际),而较小比例的受访者专攻本地市场。 受访客户最喜欢的10个印度城市分别为:德里,卡纳塔克邦,安得拉邦,古吉拉特邦,昌迪加尔,马哈拉施特拉邦,哈里亚纳邦,果阿邦,阿萨姆邦和比哈尔邦。 有近70%的受访者的客户位于德里,过半的受访者的客户位于卡纳塔克邦。此外,受访者的客户分布在全国各地相当均匀。 有超过70%的受访者在亚洲其他地区开展业务,过半的受访者在欧洲开展业务。三分之一的受访者在北美有业务;另有13%的受访者表示,他们没有在这三大洲中的任何一个大洲开展国际业务。 在回答这个问题的45个受访者中,三分之二的人说他们不会从其他服务项目中分包工作,而三分之一的人说他们会这样做。 近60%的受访者表示,印地语是最受欢迎的目标语言,而只有少得多的人认为马拉地语(占比17%),泰米尔语(占比13%)或卡纳达语(占比3.9%)是其业务量最大的目标语言。 每种语言都有一个受访者选择,阿萨姆语,孟加拉语,马拉雅拉姆语和泰卢固语提供了大量的业务,而其余14种印度官方语言没有被任何受访者选择。 超过50%的受访者表示,2020年国际和国内客户对印度语言的需求都有显著增长。一个类似的比例表示,印度语言在国际客户和国内客户中的增长幅度较小(占比29%和33%);而13%的受访者则表示,他们观察到国际客户对印度语的需求没有增长,19%的受访者表示国内客户对印度语的需求没有增长。 对于法规的改变是否是印度对笔译,本地化和口译需求的驱动因素,受访者意见不一;44%的受访者表示不确定,42%的受访者说,监管变革是需求驱动因素。 受访者表示,国内和国际客户对印度语的最大需求驱动因素是他们希望接触更多的终端客户或扩大业务。受访者还表示,部分终端客户或内容类型(如生命科学,教育技术,营销和媒体)是国内和国际客户需求的重要驱动因素。 调查结果表明,内容创作或平台(例如流媒体平台)是驱动国际客户需求的更大因素,而不是国内客户。印度政府的“印度制造”计划也是如此,旨在鼓励国际公司在印度开展业务。 受访者共确认27项辅助服务的需求在增长。受访者中增长最多的五项服务分别是字幕,AI相关服务,画外音/配音,MT相关服务,以及语言培训。 当被问及他们在电子商务本地化方面观察到哪些客户趋势时,多数受访者(占比37%)回答说需求在增加。另一些代表团指出了电子商务的具体趋势;例如,一个答复国指出,印度的电子商务公司已开始在内部开展本地化活动。有两个答复者指出,需要更多的语言,有三个受访者表示,在电子商务本地化方面有使用更多机器翻译(MTPE/PEMT或MT)的趋势。 受访者被问及是否与任何OTT(顶端)供应商工作,如海外流媒体服务,Netflix和亚马逊,或者包括Hotstar和Viu在内的本土流媒体服务。 绝大部分(占比73%)受访者表示,他们目前不与这类客户合作,只有略多于四分之一(占比27%)的LSPs表示他们愿意合作。 当被问及在电子学习中观察到哪些客户趋势时,大多数(65%)的回答或通过他们的回答暗示这一细分市场的需求正在增长。一些国家对答复作了限定。例如- 在网络学习角度注意到的其他趋势包括更大规模的本地语言和小班学习模式。 受访者需要给特定需求驱动因素对其业务的重要性打分,满分为5分,1分表示“一点都不重要”,5分表示“非常重要”。 对受访者来说,最关键的驱动因素是网络学习,有超过92%的评分为4或5分。其次就是电商,获得了84%受访者的4分和4分评价。 排名较低处显示的是国内金融科技和监管变化,60%的受访者对其评分为4或5。 注:受访者并不一定回答了所有问题。

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